50G PAM4 Technical White Paper
Although PAM4 doubles the bit bearing efficiency compared with NRZ, PAM4 has noise, linearity, and sensitivity issues. This section focuses on test technologies at the physical layer.
View more
The FCC''s New Router Ban: What Businesses Must Know
No new foreign-made consumer router model can receive FCC equipment authorization, which means it cannot legally be imported, marketed, or sold in the United States going forward.
View more
Consumer Routers, Prohibiting Approval of New Models FACT
Most electronic devices (including consumer-grade routers) require FCC equipment authorization prior to importation, marketing, or sale in the U.S. Covered equipment is banned from receiving new
View more
AN 835: PAM4 Signaling Fundamentals
This Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 4-Level (PAM4) application note explains PAM4 theory and operation while introducing the Intel® Stratix® 10 TX device capability and the realization of 57.8 Gbps data
View more
FCC Foreign Router Ban 2026: National Security Impact
On March 23, 2026, the Federal Communications Commission enacted one of the most sweeping consumer technology restrictions in American regulatory history: a blanket prohibition on the import
View more
FAQs on Recent Updates to FCC Covered List Regarding Routers
Is a router produced in the United States containing foreign-produced components now “covered equipment” and prohibited from FCC equipment authorization? Do applicants need to have
View more
The Road from 1 Gbps-NRZ to 224 Gbps-PAM4
In copper, PAM4 uses four voltage levels to represent two-bits of data per symbol. By encoding two or more bits per symbol, PAM increases the data rate without increasing the required channel bandwidth.
View more
The FCC Just Banned the Sale of New Wi-Fi Router
In a shocking move, the Federal Communications Commission just banned the sale of any new Wi-Fi routers that are not US-made, citing national
View more
AN 835: PAM4 Signaling Fundamentals
This application note explains PAM4 theory and its operation. It describes NRZ and PAM4 fundamentals, standards using PAM4 coding schemes, and CEI-56G Interconnect reaches and
View more
QSFP28 PAM4 DWDM: A Solution for Extending 100G/400G Signals
By combining four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology, these transceivers enable high-capacity, long-reach
View more
The FCC Just Banned the Sale of New Wi-Fi Router Models Made Outside US
In a shocking move, the Federal Communications Commission just banned the sale of any new Wi-Fi routers that are not US-made, citing national security.
View more
PAM4: Pulse Amplitude Modulation Explained | Keysight
Learn how to measure PAM4 signals for high-speed digital networking applications.
View more
FCC''s Foreign-Made Router Ban: One Popular Brand Just Got the
Find out if your router is banned, when to expect firmware updates and what the latest news on the Federal Communications Commission ban means for your home network.
View more
FAQs on Recent Updates to FCC Covered List
Is a router produced in the United States containing foreign-produced components now “covered equipment” and prohibited from FCC equipment
View moreLaser Diodes & VCSEL
High-power CW/pulsed laser diodes (808nm–1550nm) and VCSEL arrays for 3D sensing, LIDAR, and optical interconnects.
Silicon Photonics & CPO
Co-packaged optics engines, silicon photonics ICs, and optical I/O solutions for high-density switches and AI clusters.
Optical Transceivers & AOCs
400G/800G QSFP-DD/OSFP modules, active optical cables, and custom optical engines for data center interconnects.
Laser Drivers & CDR
Low-jitter laser drivers, integrated CDR circuits, and linear TIAs for coherent optics and short-reach links.